Bacterial, protozoal and viral abortions in sheep and goats in South America: A review

Bacterial, protozoal and viral diseases are major causes of abortion in sheep goats. These agents cause significant economic losses, many considered concern for public health (zoonotic pathogens) and/or the international trade livestock, such as those causing notifiable to World Organization Animal Health (OIE). In South America, information about their occurrence, prevalence impact is scarce. We review available literature on bacterial, abortifacients identified through laboratory testing goats America discuss whether diagnostic investigations conclusive demonstrating causality. also compile methods recommended by OIE diagnosis these salient fetoplacental lesions induced them. Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus), listeriosis (Listeria ivanovii), chlamydiosis (Chlamydia abortus), toxoplasmosis, neosporosis sarcocystiosis have been confirmed small ruminant this region. Brucella ovis, melitensis, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydia pecorum, Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira spp., Bacillus licheniformis bluetongue virus, probable region since they detected aborted fetuses associated with abortions seroepidemiologic studies. Listeria monocytogenes, Histophilus Actinobacillus seminis, Trueperella pyogenes, Yersinia Trypanosoma vivax, caprine herpesvirus 1 pestiviruses infect ruminants could thus be possible abortion, although not (i.e., nor studies). Other Flexispira rappini, Francisella tularensis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rift Valley fever Wesselbron disease virus bunyaviruses, known other regions world, documented America. While some exotic subcontinent, others may undiagnosed considering limitations active animal surveillance systems, which hamper eventual detection emerging, re-emerging, communicable